How To Make A Homemade Nbc Filter

NBC Air Filtration Systems – published on July 24, 2020

The cardinal factors for selecting an NBC air filtration system

The best NBC air filtration systems are fabricated in Europe and Israel. They are the just ones available to civilians that have third party testing and certification for their hundreds of thousands of installations worldwide.
There are American and British made filtration systems that were designed for the civilian market. They are non independently tested and accept a pocket-sized fraction of the activated carbon that is required for days or weeks of constant use. These systems toll near as much as the Israeli and European systems and their limited carbon capacity is a significant inherent pattern weakness. Their small blowers simply cannot motion air through whatsoever more carbon.

What is an NBC air filtration system?

An NBC air filtration system is a purpose-congenital wide spectrum air filtration system that is designed to depict air from the outside, filter it, and expel it into an enclosed infinite with enough strength to create positive relative pressure. Let'southward break this definition downwardly:

NBC: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical. This is a mutual acronym for weapons of mass destruction, merely the war machine uses CBRN: Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear.
Purpose-congenital: information technology was designed from the beginning to office every bit a bomb shelter air filtration arrangement. In that location have been kits sold to add an intake hose to room air filters. These should be avoided. There is no way to upgrade a room air filter into an NBC air filtration organisation.
Broad spectrum: they filter out both particulates (radioactive fallout and biological aerosols) and gases (chemical weapons and industrial accidents). The activated carbon is usually impregnated with certain chemicals to increment its efficiency confronting the higher volatility warfare gases.
Draw air from the outside: they accept an intake hose that draws outside air into the filtration organisation.
Positive relative pressure level: when the filter is in operation, it pressurizes the air inside the shelter so information technology has a college pressure than the exterior air force per unit area. This will ensure that if in that location are any small leaks, the filtered air inside the shelter will flow outward and preclude unfiltered exterior air from leaking inside. Without "overpressure," the seals on the doors and hatches in your shelter must not leak. With overpressure, they tin leak a niggling without exposing the shelter to unfiltered (toxic) outside air.

Matching your shelter'southward air to Earth's atmosphere

Human respiration converts oxygen into carbon dioxide. The atmosphere has about twenty% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide. In the shelter, nosotros need the oxygen to stay above 19.5% (195,000 parts per meg) and the carbon dioxide to stay below 0.2% (ii,000 parts per million). Yous should have alarms for both low oxygen and loftier carbon dioxide in your shelter. Be sure to sympathize that there are many low cost carbon monoxide (with an "m") available, but nosotros are concerned with carbon dioxide (with a "d") when discussing ventilation. The complete list of recommended life support indicators in shelters is: thermometer, humidity meter, differential pressure gauge, smoke alarm, low oxygen detector, carbon monoxide alarm, carbon dioxide alarm, and a radon meter. Two or iii of these instruments are sometimes combined into ane unit. There are Amazon links below that volition allow you to read or receive a warning for all of these variables in your shelter air quality.

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The cycle of life

Shelters require that oxygen rich air is introduced and then exhausted back outside and then the carbon dioxide and moisture that the occupants exhale is removed. Without proper ventilation, humans will die of carbon dioxide poisoning from their exhaled breaths before oxygen deprivation. The oxygen in your shelter will exist continuously replenished when the filtration system is in operation. As long as the air is introduced at one end of your shelter and exhausts out the other cease, the carbon dioxide and wet that the occupants exhale will be removed with the air that goes out. Nosotros want the filtered air to transit the entire shelter before it is exhausted. We do not want to brusk excursion the ventilation in your shelter by locating the filtration system and the exhaust blast valve besides shut together. Please see the article on flop shelter plans for the recommended shelter layouts that incorporate these principals.

Airflow, pressure, and air exchanges

Allow's discuss the properties of the filtered air that your organisation puts out. A stream of air has both pressure and volume that tin can be measured and/or calculated. Air behaves like a fluid and exerts force per unit area in all directions. You will need to know the filtered output of your filtration system in cubic feet per minute (CFM) or cubic meters per hour (CMH) and the volume of your shelter in the aforementioned unit of measurement of measure. Companies who manufacture NBC air filtration systems advertise the book of air their systems put out. Be certain and utilise their "filtered" air rating and not their "fresh" air rating when calculating your airflow requirements. Fresh = unfiltered.

How much air does your shelter require?

This comes down to two specifications: air supply per person and air changes per hour. The air supply per person is based on how much oxygen each person will utilize. The air changes per hour is based on how much carbon dioxide and moisture that the shelter occupants exhale. Information technology needs to be flushed from the shelter.

Air supply per person

This is how to calculate the filtered air requirements for your shelter. The The states armed forces minimum specification for collective protection is five cubic feet per minute (CFM) per person. This converts to 8.5 cubic meters per hr (CMH) or 2.three liters per second (50/Due south). The Israeli minimum specification is iii.5 CFM per person (5.9 CMH or 0.24 L/S). The Israelis take extensive feel with manufacturing and using NBC air filtration systems, merely they tend to but use them for a few hours at a time. Most people building or installing underground shelters plan on sheltering in place for days or weeks.

Because of this, 5 CFM per person should be the minimum. The minimum guideline from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) for motel rooms, offices, and bedrooms is also 5 CFM. The advertised filtered air rating for NBC filtration systems is usually the "organisation" output without the resistance of the ventilation pipes or the exhaust overpressure blast valve. Annihilation that resists the airflow will reduce information technology. The airflow is in a circuit. If you choke information technology down anywhere, you choke it downwardly everywhere.

There needs to exist a margin of safety built into whatever size filtration organization you lot install. It'southward easiest to stay with the v CFM number and factor in actress occupants. If you have four people in your family and a filtration system that puts out 88 CFM, you have over a 100% prophylactic margin (five CFM x four = 20 CFM minimum). If your filter becomes clogged with particulates and the airflow goes down or your neighbor and his family show upwardly and your occupancy increases, you withal accept enough air to remain in your shelter. Minimum air supply per person = 5 CFM (8.5 CMH, 2.3 L/South).

Overpressure

The word "overpressure" is only an expression for positive relative pressure inside a protected space. Air pressure within a pressure vessel like your vehicle's tire is simply stored energy. When you puncture that tire, this energy is released outward because there is more than pressure inside the tire (~xxx PSI) than outside (~14.5 PSI). Modern battlefield vehicles like tanks and armored troop carriers maintain positive pressure in their crew compartments to resist exterior force per unit area from wind gusts to push toxic air through the door seals. Shelters also need to have overpressure and there are specifications for how much pressure is recommended:

The The states Armed forces specifies a minimum positive relative pressure for collective protection areas of 0.3 inches of water judge (vii.62 mm of water approximate or about 75 Pascals). Water guess is a small unit of measure for pressure level. There are 27.vii inches (703.v mm) of water gauge in one pound per square inch (PSI). This 0.3 inch specification corresponds to a 25 mile per hour (40 km) wind gust. Air behaves like a fluid and exerts force per unit area in all directions. Wind gusts will human action directly on the seals in the doors and hatches. As with the airflow and air changes, we want a margin of safety with the overpressure. A differential pressure judge will testify the deviation in pressure between your shelter and the outside. Minimum sustained force per unit area differential between your shelter and the outside: 0.3 (7.62 mm) inches of h2o gauge.

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Dwyer 2001D Magnehelic Series 2000 differential pressure gauge, range 0-1.0″WC & 0-250 Pa
Dwyer 6846277 portability kit for Magnehelic gauges

A differential pressure gauge and the installation kit.

Air exchanges

The US Environmental Protection Agency recommends a minimum of 0.35 air changes per 60 minutes in homes. This is one air change every 3 hours. It is a very low specification based on minimum indoor air quality. Nigh homes have at to the lowest degree three air changes every hour. Air quality is a good measure for establishing how many air changes your shelter should take every hr. Since the airflow removes carbon dioxide, wet, and odors, the air change rate is direct continued to air quality. ASHRAE recommends iv changes an 60 minutes for all enclosed infinite and information technology goes up from there for certain places like kitchens, laundry rooms, and hospitals. Cooking food, washing clothes, and caring for sick people are all things that demand to happen in shelters as well. But nosotros tin can't just turn up the filter when cooking food. Near NBC air filtration systems do not let for adjustable airflow as a rubber precaution. They are either on or off. This prevents a state of affairs where not enough air is existence supplied for the occupants, however the filter is on and making noise. If it's moving air, it'due south moving the maximum amount. Air that has been properly filtered for nuclear, biological, and chemical agents is expensive and so nosotros are going to requite ii recommendations. Only like with the air supply per person in a higher place, we like to see a prophylactic margin added to these numbers: a desired minimum of iv air changes per hour and an absolute minimum of 2 air changes per 60 minutes.

An option to avoid

In that location are some expensive options that allow an enclosed space to non require true ventilation. This equipment was developed for the mining industry but has recently been marketed for bomb shelters. Equally mines got deeper, refuge chambers were required to keep the miners alive while waiting for rescue that might take days to reach them. These refuge chambers did not have admission to exterior air and the air in the mine could be filled with toxic gases or very fine mineral dust that volition quickly overwhelm whatever filtration system. Equipment was developed that facilitates the absorption of carbon dioxide by chemic consumables and bottled oxygen is used. But these systems practise not produce the overpressure that helps to seal toxins out of your shelter and the cost of their consumables is pregnant. These systems should only be used equally they were designed: a terminal ditch option. They should just exist used equally a fill-in to an NBC air filtration organization.

How NBC air filtration protects you

The filtration system converts electrical energy to air pressure. This pressure and the airflow that information technology provides is a valuable commodity that protects y'all in several ways:

Preventing toxic leaks in the air filtration system. The blower (fan) is the concluding component in the filter housing. This puts everything before the blower in negative pressure relative to the air force per unit area in the shelter. The intake smash valve, the intake hose, and the filter cartridge are all before the blower. If there are any leaks in these components, filtered air from the shelter will exist drawn into the filtration system instead of unfiltered air being expelled outward into your shelter. The filtration system contains unfiltered (toxic) air, only it protects itself (and you) by creating a pressure differential between the inside and exterior of the filtration system housing and components.
Preventing toxic leaks into the shelter. Everything after the blower is in positive pressure. This includes all of your shelter upwards to the frazzle overpressure boom valve. This overpressure will ensure that if there are any small leaks in the shelter, the filtered air will catamenia outward instead of unfiltered air flowing inward. The filtration system protects the entire shelter (and you) by creating a pressure differential between the inside of the shelter and the outside world.
You can (and should) use the airflow from the NBC air filtration system to affluent a decontamination airlock. This airlock needs to exist the last space that the airflow transits. Please meet the articles on shelter layouts and airlocks for more than information. The filtration system protects yous by flushing the airlock to remove unfiltered (toxic) air before you open up the inner door.

Air filtration – particulates and gases

Solids and gases are two types of matter. Small-scale solids that are in gases (like dust in the air) are called particulates. Particulates are sieved out in progressively finer filter media and and then the air is drawn through a bed of tightly packed activated carbon to remove harmful gases. Some events like forest fires and nuclear explosions release both particulates and gases that must be removed from the air you exhale.

Particulate air filtration

The particulates must be removed from the air before it is drawn through the carbon. There is usually a pre-filter integrated into the intake blast valve to filter the large particles and extend the life of the HEPA filter. The minimum requirement by United States standards is to remove at least 99.97% of airborne particles 0.3 micrometers (μm) in diameter. The Israeli and European filtration systems have similar standards.

The particulates that most concerning are radioactive fallout and biological aerosols. These are half of the "North" and all of the "B" in "NBC air filtration arrangement" (Nuclear and Biological). The other one-half of "North" is a gas called radioactive iodine that is released during nuclear events that the carbon adsorbs.

Radioactive fallout consists of small particles of dust and ash that are created during a nuclear detonation. These particulates are thrown upward into the atmosphere past the smash, and and then fall dorsum to earth. Fallout has different sizes and timelines. Local fallout is an acute danger that starts shortly after the detonation and consists mostly of the larger particles. It can extend far beyond the other effects of a nuclear detonation (straight radiation, blast, and heat waves). What makes it an acute danger is the amount of radiation. It has more than mass than the finer particles and tin can accumulate rapidly on flat surfaces. Global fallout is a chronic danger. It comes from the finer particles are thrown up into the upper atmosphere that can take months or years to autumn out.

Biological aerosols are expelled when people speak, sneeze, or exhale. These airborne body fluids can be spread through duct systems in buildings and homes also as the intake ventilation pipe of your shelter. They are mostly liquid, but comport like solid particulates in the temper. NBC air filtration systems usually have a HEPA filter that is equal to a P100 respirator (99.97% of 0.3 micrometer particulates). The threat of biological warfare agents like weaponized anthrax seems to be minimal these days, just NBC filtration systems are designed to protect the occupants of commonage protection spaces from them.

Gas adsorption

This is the "C" for "chemical" in NBC air filtration. Activated carbon is responsible for "filtering" gases out of the air. Gases are not really filtered; they are adsorbed onto the surface of the carbon molecule by molecule. Note that "adsorb" with a "d" is not the same procedure as "absorb" with a "b." A sponge absorbs liquid by drawing it within. The erstwhile cathode ray tube televisions "adsorb" dust onto the surface of the glass. Because it's not happening at the molecular level, this isn't true adsorption, but information technology's a good analogy of how the carbon is electrically charged (activated) to attract the molecules of gases that are present in the air moving through the carbon bed. The granular carbon used in NBC filtration systems is tightly packed in the filter canister, which is designed to prevent blow-past of the stream of air in case the carbon settles.

Activated carbon

The bed of carbon is e'er after the particulate filters in the airflow. This is to continue particulates from adhering to the surface of the carbon. The iii variables with carbon that we are concerned about here are:

How much carbon.
The type of carbon
The residency time of the air in the carbon.

The tightly packed granular carbon bed has much more than resistance to the airflow than the particulate filters. When NBC air filtration systems are designed, the blower force per unit area and volume need to be sized to match the resistance of the filter media. This is why NBC air filtration systems must exist purpose-built. The designer must balance airflow, force per unit area, noise, reliability, and price.

Residency time

The process of adsorption requires that every molecule of gas must find a molecule of carbon to attach to. This does non happen instantly. The US military specification for the residency time of the air in the bed of carbon is i quarter (0.25) of a second. This may not seem like very much time, just it'due south something the filtration organisation manufacturers must allow for. Both the mesh size and the bed depth of the carbon have to exist engineered and then the carbon has enough time for the adsorption procedure. The speed of the air within the filter canister is measured or calculated and the carbon bed depth is determined by the residency fourth dimension at this speed.

Types of carbon

There are unlike kinds of carbon used in NBC air filtration systems. Manifestly carbon is effective confronting many gases, just most manufacturers impregnate their carbon with additional chemicals that allow for a wider spectrum of adsorption. The Usa military uses a carbon called ASZM-TEDA. It is only manufactured by Calgon Carbon, but the filtration systems made in State of israel and Europe use similar carbon. The type of carbon tin exist over-hyped. Fifty-fifty plain activated carbon will adsorb many of the gases we are probable to encounter. Ane filter manufacturer spills a lot of digital ink to say that ASZM-TEDA is the only kind of carbon that is acceptable. Nevertheless, their filtration arrangement simply has 5.v pounds of activated carbon. This is not enough by virtually a factor of x. Once your carbon is saturated,you have breakthrough:

Quantum

Carbon has an extremely high surface to mass ratio, but when the entire surface has molecules of gases on information technology, it can no longer adsorb chemicals. This is called the breakthrough point because it happens rapidly. The temper contains water vapor, which is a true gas that will be adsorbed by the carbon. Because of this, you should only run air through your filter canister for bi-annual testing and go on the filter canister sealed up when not in utilise.

How much is carbon is in your NBC air filtration organisation?

The more carbon in your filtration system, the longer it volition adsorb gases before reaching the breakthrough point. At that place are two American made NBC air filtration systems. One has virtually 5.v pounds and the other has about 9 pounds of carbon. Both systems are rated at a filtered airflow of threescore CFM by the manufacturer. The Andair VA150 is a popular NBC filtration organisation made in Switzerland. It has threescore pounds of carbon and is rated for 88 CFM of filtered air.

In order to account for both the amount of carbon and the book of air is moving through it; we need to brand each ane of these into a ratio of the quantity of carbon to book of airflow. We will use pounds for the carbon and CFM for the airflow. We won't convert these to metric because the end effect is an alphabetize number. An index is a number derived from a formula and is used to characterize a set of data. The body mass index (BMI) is a good example. Information technology combines height and weight to produce an index number that can exist compared between different people or the aforementioned person over a catamenia of fourth dimension. Here are the iii ratios of carbon to airflow:

five.5 pounds of carbon to 6o CFM
9 pounds of carbon to 60 CFM
lx pounds of carbon to 88 CFM

Now we will divide the weight of the carbon by the airflow to get an index of how long the carbon should adsorb gases:

5.v/60 = 0.09
9/60 = 0.15
sixty/88 = 0.68

These numbers do not represent time until breakthrough only they do allow us to compare these systems to each other. Cleaved out of the equations and moving the decimal two places to the right to give easier to understand whole numbers; we have an index numbers of:

Next we will compare these numbers by dividing the alphabetize number of the Andair arrangement by the index number of the American fabricated systems:

68 / 9 = seven.five
68 / 15 = 4.5

The Andair VA150 should adsorb gases 7.v times and 4.5 times longer than the American systems, respectively. This is a meaning departure that should exist taken into consideration when deciding which filtration system to invest in.

What is normally included with an NBC air filtration system?

Most NBC air filtration systems include these components:

An intake smash valve with an integrated pre-filter
An frazzle overpressure blast valve
A filter canister (be sure and get at to the lowest degree one actress canister)
A blower (fan) assembly with a backup hand crank
Connection ducts and hoses
Some systems also include a lamp that is powered past the hand crank

Overpressure nail valves

The frazzle overpressure blast valve is shown separate from the filtration organization above. It needs to be mounted as far abroad from the filtration system as possible. In that location are actually three valves in this housing. The "overpressure" valve is a very calorie-free plate that is usually seated shut by gravity and/or a spring. When the filtration system is in functioning, the pressure from it will automatically open this valve plate and air will be wearied outside. The other two valves in the overpressure blast valve housing are the ones that protect y'all from nearby detonations. They are normally open and let low pressure air to movement in either direction through the blast valve housings. They slam close when presented with either a loftier pressure blast or the following negative pressure phase. Detonations accept at to the lowest degree two phases: a smash wave followed by a negative pressure stage. It'south not really negative pressure, merely it's less than atmospheric pressure. Explosions blow the atmosphere outward, leaving an atmospheric void. Both the intake and frazzle nail valves are steel force per unit area vessels that close automatically for the positive and negative phases of an explosion.

What is normally NOT included with an NBC air filtration arrangement?

Well-nigh NBC air filtration systems also require these components for installation:

Ventilation pipes. You lot may or may not exist able to purchase these from the filtration system manufacturer. Longer pipes will have to exist made onsite. Be sure to apply the proper diameter pipes for the filtration system you install. Steel pipes are best. Plastic pipes are vulnerable to thermal disruption. They volition melt when heated and get breakable when cold. Be sure you do not exceed the manufacturer's specifications for maximum ventilation pipe length because pipes impart resistance to the airflow.
Boom valve sleeves. These are sections of steel pipage that are cast into the wall. They have flanges for bolting the blast valves on the inside and the ventilation pipes on the exterior. They also feature J-hooks or steel straps on the outside of the pipe that anchor them into the concrete.
If your shelter has existing walls, you will need to mount the blast valves with physical wedge anchors. Be sure to use engineered anchors and follow the anchor manufacturer's instructions when installing them. Yous will need to know the pressure rating of the concrete and the hole size in the blast valve mounting flanges to decide the correct anchors.
If you lot have a steel shelter, you volition demand to weld threaded studs to the within of the wall to attach the blast valves. Note that nail valves need to exist removable for servicing. Insects might go into your ventilation pipes and build a nest up against the valves. Or, you lot may need to service the springs or seals in the valve. Either way, they must be able to be dismounted from the wall.

Filter manufacturers should have a recommended blast valve installation for steel shelters.

Protocols

At time of club:

Summate how much airflow your shelter requires and purchase a filtration arrangement that exceeds this airflow to give a margin of condom.
Order at to the lowest degree ane extra filter cartridge. Two extra is better. Exercise not break the seal on the replacement cartridges. Keep them within the shelter with the filtration system and protect them from thermal cycles and moisture.
Ask about how the nail valves are attached to the walls. Either club wall sleeves or concrete wedge anchors.

This is as well the time to address the ventilation pipes. Outset with asking the manufacturer of the filtration system if they can supply them or have a recommendation where to become them.

Installation:

Install the filtration arrangement as per the manufacturer's instructions.
Test the organisation with the filter cartridge bypassed (fresh air fashion). Ensure that you take airflow throughout your shelter by watching the exhaust overpressure blast valve open up when the filtration arrangement is powered on.
Attach the filter cartridge to the blower and operate the filtration organization for the shortest time possible. Ensure you have the proper airflow (overpressure blast valve opening) and pressure (differential pressure gauge).
Turn off the system, connect the hoses for fresh air mode, and seal upwards the filter canister. Water vapor in the atmosphere is the enemy of activated carbon. Run every bit picayune air as possible through one of your filter canisters and go along the other ones factory sealed.

Be sure you get the installation and performance manuals when y'all purchase your filtration system.

Bi-annual testing:

Pick a day that has low humidity and perform the tests in numbers ii and three above. Be sure to utilise the same filter cartridge as the initial examination and seal it upwards later each subsequent test. Moisture is the enemy of gas adsorption.

Turning the system on:

Unseal the filter cartridge and attach the hose to it for filtered air style.
Turn the organization on.
Cheque that the exhaust overpressure nail valve opens and the shelter has at to the lowest degree 0.3 inches of water guess overpressure.

The doors and hatches must be sealed shut to have overpressure.

Turning the system off:

Turn the system off.
Remove the hose from the filter cartridge and replace the seal on it. These protocols need to go habits.

Protect your carbon from moisture and it volition protect you lot from toxic chemicals.

Recommendations

There is a big difference in NBC filtration systems that accept been developed past countries that mandate shelters for their citizens and countries that do not. Israel, Switzerland, and Republic of finland all take a rich heritage of protecting their citizens and produce effective filtration systems.

This website has no clan and receives no remuneration from any of these companies:

These filtration systems are recommended:

Beth El, made in State of israel. They brand the best NBC air filtration systems available to civilians.
LUNOR or Andair (United states benefactor), fabricated in Switzerland. These are an equal to Beth El in design and a shut second in construction. They are easier to find and usually more than affordable.
Temet, (US distributor) made in Finland. These are quite expert as well, but tin can exist harder to find.

Any one of these proven systems are worth having in your shelter.

These filtration systems are not recommended:

The systems made in America for the civilian market. Both take plastic housings that contain commercial HEPA filters instead of purpose designed filter canisters. For use in a static installation similar bomb shelters, they need well-nigh an boosted l pounds (22.vi kg) of carbon to handle a typical chemic threat.
The system fabricated in England for the civilian market place. These are most the same as the American systems.
Any homemade organization. Do not stick a gas mask filter on a shop-vac and call it an NBC air filtration system. It volition not provide air that is safe to breathe.

The take-abroad

Enclosed spaces require ventilation to sustain life. Your shelter needs an NBC air filtration system to provide information technology and to isolate you lot from airborne toxins and pathogens. The manufacturer or distributor that you purchase a filtration system from should make a recommendation for the airflow required for your shelter, but it should be double-checked using the information on this folio.

The minimum specifications for the air supply in your shelter are:

v CFM (8.v CMH or ii.iii Fifty/S) of filtered air per person
0.3 inches (7.62 mm) of water gauge (75 pascals) in overpressure
two air changes per hr

All of these are minimums. More is better, up to a betoken. If you tin can double these numbers, you will probably take better indoor air quality than yous have in your habitation.

Related articles:

x things that will happen when Nuke #3 is detonated
Bomb shelter airlock – use your NBC filter to create an airlock
Flop shelter plans – what is the all-time layout for your shelter?
Shelter location – basement, backyard, or bugout basecamp?
Emergency egress options for clandestine shelters
Decontaminating radioactive fallout
Common mistakes when edifice a shelter
The ideal panic room

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MIRA Safety M CBRN Total Face Reusable Respirator-Mask
Certified CBRN filter forty mm NATO with Longest shelf life. 20 years
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Stay safe!